ADOLESCENCE Substance use and eating disorders,

Substance use and eating disorders,
 

Adolescent substance use;
·      Critical time for onset.
·      Experimentation is prevalent; most do not develop suds.
·      İlicit drugs
·      Licit ( legal substance ): nicotine, alcohol.
·      Nearly, 63% of youngsters have tried cigarettes by 12th grade.
·      Discriminating between normal patterns of experimentation and a pattern of abuse.

What constitutes misuse or abuse?
·      Negative life consequences
·      Difficulties with school
·      Peers
·      Family
·      Physical harm

Proctative factors;
·      Positive temperament/self-acceptance
·      Intellectual ability/academic performance
·      Supportive family/home environment
·      Caring relationship with at least one adult
·      External support system that encourages prosocial values.
·      Avoidance of deliquent peer friendships.

Role of genetic heritage;
·      Heritability estimates range from 40%-60% varies with different drugs.
·      No single gene, or even a handful of genes.
·      Complex interaction between genes, especially those that influence temperament and environmental factors.
·      Current model is interactive, ‘nature via nurture’.

Environmental factors;
·      Early physical or sexual abuse.
·      Early conduct problems and agression.
·      Stress.
·      Deviant peers.
·      Drug availability/school and neighborhood.

How parents influence?
·      Parent drug use ( social learning/modeling).
·      Parent attitudes/ harsh parenting.
·      Low parental monitoring.
·      Parent connectedness.
·      Parent-chid conflict.
·      Family stress events/poor, single or teenage mother.

Psychological factors;
·      Stress and coping model
·      Youngster facing greater negative life events and perceived stress are more likely to use alcohol and other substances.
·      Substance use serve a a coping function fort he adolescent.
·      Whereas some people employ a variety of adaptive coping others rely more on the use of avoidant coping mechanisms such as distraction, social withdrawl, use of alcohol and other substances to deal with stress.

Vulnerability;
·      No single factor or theory can explain
·      Biological, psychological and social interact.

Eating disorders;
·      Anorexia nervosa
·      Bulimia nervosa
·      Binge eating disorder

Anorexia nervosa;
·      Having an intense fear of gaining weight, the fear does not decrease with weight loss.
·      Weighting less than 85 percent of what is considered normal for age and height.
·      Having a distorted image of body shape, even when extremely thin, anorexics see themselves as too fat, denial os seriousness of low body weight.
·      Typically begins in the early to middle teenage years, ofen following an episode of dieting and some type of life stress
·      Ten times more in females than males.

Bulimia nervosa;
·      Bulimics cannot control their eating by retricting like anorexics.
·      The individual consistently follows a binge and purge eating pattern, self-induced vomiting.
·      Or, laxative use, over exercising to prevent weight gain.
·      A normal weight range, a characteristic that makes bulimia more difficult to detect.

Binge eating disorder;
·      Involves frequent binge eating without purging.
·      Because they do not purge, individuals with BED are frequently overweight.
·      They feel like they lost control over how much they eat and cannot stop eating.
·      Altough BED is more common among overweight or obese individuals, it can also ocur in individuals who are normal weight.

Etilogical factors;
·      Body image, body dissatisfaction and distorted body image, weight-related teasing, pressure to be thin.
·      Cultural influences/beauty standards/social influences on young women that place too great emphasis on physical appearence.
·      Role models, idealized female images increase adolescent girls’ dissatisfaction with their bodies.
·      The role of a history of being overweight in the development of eating disorders remains unclear.
·      Parenting/family influences, negative parent-adolescent relationship, parental attitudes and beliefs concerning eating, weight and body shape, criticism of the adolescent’s weight, insecure attachment, high parental expectations, controlling and interdependent relationships.
·      Controlling and interdependent relationships; an attempt by the child to express an individual identity.
·      Psychological factors, evaluating self-worth in terms of body shape, perfectionism/high standardsi to meet these high standards they turn something that they can control: their weight.
·      Psychoanalytic theory, onset of puberty, expectations of greater autonomy and increased responsibility are implicated during adolescence, dieting prevents the appearence of a mature body, avoiding pscyhosexual maturity.