Conception
of adolescence,
Histotrical precursors;
· ‘to grow up’
· The Greek Philosopher Aristotle, passionate, carried away by their impulses.
· The first great theories of adolescence starts with Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
· Rousseau suggested 3 features of adolescence that continue to play a prominent role in current discussions of this period, adolescence is a period heightened instability and emotional conflict that is brought on by biological maturation, biological and social changes are accompanied by a fundamental change in psychological processes, adolescence recapitulates, that is, repeats in condensed form-the earlier stages of lifee through which the child has passed.
· When developmental psychologist began to turn their attention to adolescence at the end of the 19th century, many picked up and modified Rousseau’ ideas.
· Among all was G.Stanley Hall, the first president of APA, Heightened emotionality and stress, deep depressions, rebirth after childhood, adolescence is more flexible than any other period of development.
Modern biosocial approaches to adolescence;
· Hall’s description of adolescence as a period of storm and stress, as reflected in adolescents’ conflicts with their parents, their wildy flunctuating moods, and their risky behavior, is widely accepted.
· However, continuing dispute over the dgree to which adolescence is characterized by stress and conflict, there is no unified theory of adolescence!
· Arnold Gesell, higher human traits, such as abstract thinking, imagination, and self-control make their appereance late in the development of the individual because they were acquired late in the history of the species, environment nay exert a more powerful influence during adolescence.
· Sigmund Freud, a distinctive stage of development adolescence is the genital stage, because this is the period during which sexual intercourse becomes a major motive of behavior, emotional strominess associated with adolescence results from a psychological struggle.
· Sigmund Freud, struggle among the 3 parts of the personality, id, ego, superego, sexual excitation that accompanies puberty reawakens primitive instincts, increases the power of the id, and upsets the psychological balance achieved during middle childhood.
· Sigmund Freud, this ambalance produces psychological conflict, the main development task of adolescence is therefore to reestablish the balance of psychological forces by reintegrating them in a new and more mature.
· Sigmund Freud, was alos influenced by the idea of recapitulation, he argued, when sexual maturation reawakens the oedipal urges that were repressed at the start of the middle childhood, the young person must rework this conflict under the new conditions of social life that attend sexual maturity.
Physical development (brain );
· 13-15 years, largely related tp parts of brain that control spatial perceptions and motor functions.
· 15+ years, changes in prefrontal cortex responsible for executive processing.
· Reasearch has found that the limbic system, an emotional and impulsive part of the brain, develops prior to the prefrontal cortex, the rational, logical part of the brain
· Tis in part explains some of the impulsive, emotional reactions of teens.
Physical development ( muscular system );
· Muscle fibers become thicker and denser.
· By age 17, boys can be as much as 3 times stronger than girls.
· Men – 40% of total body mass is muscle.
· Women – 24% of total mass is muscle.
· Largely a result of hormonal differences.
Puberty;
· The series of biological developments that transforms individuals from a state of physical immaturity to one which they are biologically mature and capable of sexual reproduction.
· Changes needed for reproductive maturity.
· The sequence of physical change is universal, but the timing varies.
· Age of onset ranges between 8-15 years.
· Puberty begins with a chemical signla from hypothalamus, they activates the pituitary gland.
· Pituitary increases production of growth hormones, which in turn stimulate the growth of all body tissue.
· Pituitary also releases hormones related to two gonadotrophic hormones.
· Gonads: primary sex organs, the ovaries in females, testes in males.
· In females, gonadotrophic hormones stimulate the ovaries to manufacture estrogen.
· In males, gonadotrophic hormones stimulate the testes and adrenal glands to manufacture the hormone testosterone, which brings the manufacture of sperm.
· Estrogen and testosterone are present in both sexes.
· During puberty, both sexes experience an increase in hormones.
The growth spurt;
· The first visible signs of puberty is a spurt in the rate of physical growth.
· Although growth continues throughout puberty, adolescents reach 98 percent of their adult height.
· The rate of growth during adolescence varies for different parts of the body.
· As a rule, leg length reaches its peak first.
· Males and females acquire distinctive features that characterize the two sexes.
Physical changes;
· Primary sex characteristics, the parts of the body directly involved in reproduction, growth of testes and penis, growth of ovaries, uterus, and vagina.
· Secondary sex characteristics, not necessary for reproduction, anotomical signs distinguishing males and females, breast development, changing voice pitch, beard growth, body hair.
Sexual development in girls;
· Menarche, first menstruation.
· Occurs 2 years after beginning of other visible signs, avarage age – between 12 and 13, irregular menstrual cycles first few years.
· Ovum may not be produced during every cycle.
· Secular trend, lower,ng of the age of menarche by 4 months per decade, due mainly to changes in diet and lifestyle.
· Pregnancy can ocur after menarche.
· Sperm production begins between 12 and 14
· First ejaculation about age 13 or 14.
· Genital development and pubic hair development precedes the end of the growth spurt.
· Development of beard and voices changes ocur near the end of the sequence.
Consequences of early and late maturation;
· Early or late maturation might have an effect on young people’s peer relations, personality and social adjustment.
· In general, studies Show that early maturing boys seem to have a more favorable attitude toward their bodies, largely because their greater size and strength maket hem more capable athletes which brings social recognition.
· However, not all the effects of early maturation are positive for boys.
· Adolescents boys who reach pubety at a relatively early age also more likely to smoke, drink and use drugs.
· The Picture also complicated for girls. But overall effects are generally negative for girls.
· Girls who develop before their pees might be embarrassed about the change in their body.
· Later on, are also more likely to be dissatisfied with their bodies.
· This is because, early maturing adolescents tend to weigh more and to be slightly shorter than the maturing children when they finish puberty.
· For some girls, early maturation brings greater social prestige based on sexual attractiveness.
· This increased sociaal prestige may carry potential risks.
· Late maturation may also be difficcult, especially for boys in a school in which athletics is valued.
· Late maturing girls may feel anxiety about when puberty will hit.
· The effects of early or later onset of puberty are mediated by the social context in which maturation takes place and by the ways others respond to the physical changes young people are experiencing.
Histotrical precursors;
· ‘to grow up’
· The Greek Philosopher Aristotle, passionate, carried away by their impulses.
· The first great theories of adolescence starts with Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
· Rousseau suggested 3 features of adolescence that continue to play a prominent role in current discussions of this period, adolescence is a period heightened instability and emotional conflict that is brought on by biological maturation, biological and social changes are accompanied by a fundamental change in psychological processes, adolescence recapitulates, that is, repeats in condensed form-the earlier stages of lifee through which the child has passed.
· When developmental psychologist began to turn their attention to adolescence at the end of the 19th century, many picked up and modified Rousseau’ ideas.
· Among all was G.Stanley Hall, the first president of APA, Heightened emotionality and stress, deep depressions, rebirth after childhood, adolescence is more flexible than any other period of development.
Modern biosocial approaches to adolescence;
· Hall’s description of adolescence as a period of storm and stress, as reflected in adolescents’ conflicts with their parents, their wildy flunctuating moods, and their risky behavior, is widely accepted.
· However, continuing dispute over the dgree to which adolescence is characterized by stress and conflict, there is no unified theory of adolescence!
· Arnold Gesell, higher human traits, such as abstract thinking, imagination, and self-control make their appereance late in the development of the individual because they were acquired late in the history of the species, environment nay exert a more powerful influence during adolescence.
· Sigmund Freud, a distinctive stage of development adolescence is the genital stage, because this is the period during which sexual intercourse becomes a major motive of behavior, emotional strominess associated with adolescence results from a psychological struggle.
· Sigmund Freud, struggle among the 3 parts of the personality, id, ego, superego, sexual excitation that accompanies puberty reawakens primitive instincts, increases the power of the id, and upsets the psychological balance achieved during middle childhood.
· Sigmund Freud, this ambalance produces psychological conflict, the main development task of adolescence is therefore to reestablish the balance of psychological forces by reintegrating them in a new and more mature.
· Sigmund Freud, was alos influenced by the idea of recapitulation, he argued, when sexual maturation reawakens the oedipal urges that were repressed at the start of the middle childhood, the young person must rework this conflict under the new conditions of social life that attend sexual maturity.
Physical development (brain );
· 13-15 years, largely related tp parts of brain that control spatial perceptions and motor functions.
· 15+ years, changes in prefrontal cortex responsible for executive processing.
· Reasearch has found that the limbic system, an emotional and impulsive part of the brain, develops prior to the prefrontal cortex, the rational, logical part of the brain
· Tis in part explains some of the impulsive, emotional reactions of teens.
Physical development ( muscular system );
· Muscle fibers become thicker and denser.
· By age 17, boys can be as much as 3 times stronger than girls.
· Men – 40% of total body mass is muscle.
· Women – 24% of total mass is muscle.
· Largely a result of hormonal differences.
Puberty;
· The series of biological developments that transforms individuals from a state of physical immaturity to one which they are biologically mature and capable of sexual reproduction.
· Changes needed for reproductive maturity.
· The sequence of physical change is universal, but the timing varies.
· Age of onset ranges between 8-15 years.
· Puberty begins with a chemical signla from hypothalamus, they activates the pituitary gland.
· Pituitary increases production of growth hormones, which in turn stimulate the growth of all body tissue.
· Pituitary also releases hormones related to two gonadotrophic hormones.
· Gonads: primary sex organs, the ovaries in females, testes in males.
· In females, gonadotrophic hormones stimulate the ovaries to manufacture estrogen.
· In males, gonadotrophic hormones stimulate the testes and adrenal glands to manufacture the hormone testosterone, which brings the manufacture of sperm.
· Estrogen and testosterone are present in both sexes.
· During puberty, both sexes experience an increase in hormones.
The growth spurt;
· The first visible signs of puberty is a spurt in the rate of physical growth.
· Although growth continues throughout puberty, adolescents reach 98 percent of their adult height.
· The rate of growth during adolescence varies for different parts of the body.
· As a rule, leg length reaches its peak first.
· Males and females acquire distinctive features that characterize the two sexes.
Physical changes;
· Primary sex characteristics, the parts of the body directly involved in reproduction, growth of testes and penis, growth of ovaries, uterus, and vagina.
· Secondary sex characteristics, not necessary for reproduction, anotomical signs distinguishing males and females, breast development, changing voice pitch, beard growth, body hair.
Sexual development in girls;
· Menarche, first menstruation.
· Occurs 2 years after beginning of other visible signs, avarage age – between 12 and 13, irregular menstrual cycles first few years.
· Ovum may not be produced during every cycle.
· Secular trend, lower,ng of the age of menarche by 4 months per decade, due mainly to changes in diet and lifestyle.
· Pregnancy can ocur after menarche.
· Sperm production begins between 12 and 14
· First ejaculation about age 13 or 14.
· Genital development and pubic hair development precedes the end of the growth spurt.
· Development of beard and voices changes ocur near the end of the sequence.
Consequences of early and late maturation;
· Early or late maturation might have an effect on young people’s peer relations, personality and social adjustment.
· In general, studies Show that early maturing boys seem to have a more favorable attitude toward their bodies, largely because their greater size and strength maket hem more capable athletes which brings social recognition.
· However, not all the effects of early maturation are positive for boys.
· Adolescents boys who reach pubety at a relatively early age also more likely to smoke, drink and use drugs.
· The Picture also complicated for girls. But overall effects are generally negative for girls.
· Girls who develop before their pees might be embarrassed about the change in their body.
· Later on, are also more likely to be dissatisfied with their bodies.
· This is because, early maturing adolescents tend to weigh more and to be slightly shorter than the maturing children when they finish puberty.
· For some girls, early maturation brings greater social prestige based on sexual attractiveness.
· This increased sociaal prestige may carry potential risks.
· Late maturation may also be difficcult, especially for boys in a school in which athletics is valued.
· Late maturing girls may feel anxiety about when puberty will hit.
· The effects of early or later onset of puberty are mediated by the social context in which maturation takes place and by the ways others respond to the physical changes young people are experiencing.
