Running head: PROSPECTIVE MEMORY AND AGEING
Ageing in relation with the subcategories of prospective memory
Cognitive associations in prospective memory
Gurur Erdiren
Psychology Department
Yeditepe University
PROSPECTIVE MEMORY AND AGEING
Along with the terminological meaning, this paper is going to present you the memory in another concept. Memory is experienced learning. Individuals memorized the earlier experiences and observes (basicly, not just them) in order to survive in later life. As a common sense, memory is always thought to keep in mind the past experiences and information. However, there is a sub context of memory called prospective memory, remembering to do something in the future (Kvavilashvili L.,Cockburn J., & Kornbrot D. E., 2013). Memory both holds the past and the future. Individuals have to remember things that are going to happen in both short-term and long-term processes because that is also a survival method. One cannot simply forget about the job meeting happening in a week or a doctor appointment from a neurology clinic, or what he or she aims to reach in their future plans in five years. Without all of them, human being cannot survive. Memory deficits or abnormalities ( such as under or overmemorizing than normally expected) are considered to be serious symptoms in many neurological and psychological disease. There are numbers of study on memory and the changing in memory performance and ability in terms of various factors, one of which is the most natural and hard to be excepted one- ageing. Dialectics in nature requires all living beings get old in time. Ageing occurs generating from many environmental, physical, biological, neurological, and psychological causes. Moreover, ageing has a powerful correlation with memory. This review paper is going to introduce the audience what kind of a relationship both have and how far the relationship
between prospective memory and ageing go further.
Studies have shown that in laboratory settings, age effects are seen significantly better performance in youngers than olders. There have been cult tasks created by psychologists:
PROSPECTIVE MEMORY AND AGEING
Einstein and McDaniel (1990) constutited a task where participants have to press a key every few minutes while they are dealing with another task. Also, Dobbs and Rule (1987) created a task based on remembering a pen at the end of another task or asking something to the constructor that they were told before. In these task-based studies run in a laboratory aged participants showed lower performance than the younger ones. However in everyday life cases in which individuals have to remember scheduled plans when there is no one to remind, older people outperform the young. It is an interesting result - when exactly the reverse is expected to occur,that is significantly approved almost in all prospective memory studies outside of the labratory, in individuals' regular lives. It is called prospective memory and ageing paradox (Kvavilashvili, L., Cockburn, J., & Kornbrot, D.E., 2013). It is essential to add that participants applied in these studies are not just at their 60s, but their 80s as well. Dobbs and Rule (1987) set off two tasks, one of which should be performed in the laboratory settings (e.g. screening or computer tasking) and the other one at home (e.g. call someone at a particular time or fulfill a questionairre at home). Results showed that older participants
performed better in home-settings. Niedzwienska & Barzykowski (2007) had a focal-nonfocal memorizing task run in two different environments. Results suggested that there were no age difference between the young and the old, meaning that the old can do better as well as the young in tasks outside of the laboratory.
Additionally, many studies have proved that ageing has a linear increasing line graphic (positive correlation) in relation with the prospective memory. Young adults perform not as good as the old-olds in tasks in regular environment. Although there are a few studies that
PROSPECTIVE MEMORY AND AGEING
Claim the young adults show a higher performance in tasks than older adults (Haddadi, M., Jahromi, S.R., Shivanandappa, T., Ramesh, S.R., 2014), majority of the studies showed the other.
There are also controversies on the hypothesis that claim that the age difference between adults may not be the reason for the task performance, but the demanding in the sessions and task-related issues has more chance to impact on the participants as they perform (Bailey et al., 2010; Dalton, M.A., Tu, S., Hornberger, M., Hodges, J.R., 2014).
There are studies that are based on the decreasing cognitive functioning in the process of the prospective memory in normal aging. It has been assumed that the cognitive functioning in
prospective memory with age should decrease, whereas in fact studies showed that prospective memory has no significant age effect while retrospective memory deficits are considered as no age-related effects. The difference between these two concept is that prospective emory is remembering there is something to be done, while retrospective memory is remembering the exact thing to be done (Gonneaud, J., Kalpouzos, G., & Bon L.,2014).
There are two subcategories of task applied in prospective memory measurements: event-based and time-based prospective memory, meaning, respectively, remembering that occurs when an external cue presents and remembering the time or the period of time a task has to be fulfill. The cognitive reaction occurring in the brain is different in two separate task requirements. Luwel and Brunfaut's studies show that older participants have a greater performance in time-based tasks than event-based tasks. Yet, it is hard to make exact
PROSPECTIVE MEMORY AND AGEING
Distinction between two subtypes of memory. Moreover, there is no evidence that the time-based prospective memory tasks are not utilized the internal processes (Dalton, M.A., Tu, S., Hornberger, M., Hodges, J.R., 2014).
Prospective memory is based on the spontaneous retrieval of a cue. Task characteristics are very ,important at this point. Because the participant has to waste different amount of energy that is required for the task, prospective memory is mostly based on the ongoing task demands (Sambataro, F., Safrin, M., & Lemaitre, H., 2012). If the ongoing attentional tasks in between the memory tasks need a lot of attentional energy, the participants have to use the most part of their energy for the ongoing event. Attention is not a process that can be utilized partially and equally on multitasking. The reason may be the cognitive overload that causes the failure of younger participants who are less accurate in outside tasks. Yet, the hypothesis is open to investigate at this stage.
There are various studies on cognitive functioning and prospective memory in ageing. Event-based prospective memory and time-based prospective memory has been studied as results show that they have separate executive systems form each other. First of all, event-based memory requires inhibition and time-based memory needs shifting. There are other significant results such as a strong correlation between time-based memory and time-checking frequency. Other studies address to themetamemory, which refers to both the introspective knowledge of one’s own memory capabilities (and strategies that can aid memory) and the processes involved in memory self-monitoring. This self-awareness of memory has important implications for how people learn and use memories. Yet, this hypothesis has not overlapped
PROSPECTIVE MEMORY AND AGEING
Strongly the results of other studies that investigated the related topic in the same area. Finally, prospective memory largely depends on the level of the association between the cue and the task. If the association is strong enough, retrieval process effects out of it positively and remembering occurs faster and automatically. This hypothesis on cognitive background of prospective memory has been most affected by now. However, prospective memory has just been noticed by the scientific community and needs more attention and research on itself.
References
- Kvavilashvili, L., Cockburn, J., Kornbrot, D.E. (2013). Prospective memory and aging paradoxwith event-based tasks: Study of young, young-old, and old participants. Quarterly Journal ofExperimental Psychology.
- Cansino, S., Guzzon, D., Martinelli, M., Barollo, M., Casco, C. (2011). Effects of aging on interference control in selective attention and working memory. Memory & Cognition.
- Haddadi, M., Jahromi, S.R., Shivanandappa, T., Ramesh, S.R. (2014). Brain aging, memory impairment and oxidative stress: A study in drosophila melanogaster. Behavioural Brain Research.
- Waring, J.D., Kensinger, E.A., Seiger, A.N., Solomon, P.R. (2014). Memory of the 2008 presidential election in healthy aging and mild cognitive impairment. Cognition and Emotion.
- Sambataro, F., Safrin, M., Lemaitre, H., Steele, S.U. (2012). Normal aging modulates prefrontoparietal networks underlying multiple memory processes. European Journal ofNeuroscience.
- Gonneaud, J., Kalpouzos, G., Bon, L., Viader, F. (2011). Distinct and shared cognitive functions mediate event-and time-based prospective memory impairment in normal aging. Memory.
- Dalton, M.A., Tu, S., Hornberger, M., Hodges, J.R. (2014). Medial temporal lobe contributions to intra-item associative recognition memory in the againg brain. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience.
Hiç yorum yok:
Yorum Gönder