PERFECTIONISM AND SPORT
PSYCHOLOGY
Yeditepe
University
December 30, 2013
PERFECTINISM AND SPORT PSYCHOLOGY
PERFECTINISM AND SPORT PSYCHOLOGY
Sport Psychology
Sport psychology can be described as the
psychological situations and factors which affect sport performance. Sport
psychology is a branch of science which is an intersection of psychology and
kinesiology.
Psychological components of sport
performance are sports biomechanical, physiological,
nutritional, metabolic, epidemiological, biochemical, pharmacological and
medical aspects. In order to increase the capacity of physical performance of
sportsmen various methods can be applied. These methods are physiotherapy,
sports biomechanics, sports medicine, sports nutrition, sports strengthening
and sports conditioning. However, sports performance includes not only the
physical properties but also psychological factors.
Sport psychology can be analyzed in two
groups such as exercise psychology and sport psychology.
Exercise
Psychology
Training psychology focuses
on the relationship between physical activity and psychological well-being. It
aims to prepare individual programs regarding individual differences in order
to improve participation to training and sustain this participation.
Sport
Psychology
Sport psychology supports
sportsmen to reach high level of performance. It prepares mental training
program. Sport psychology focuses on control of optimal vitality level.
Deciding what to do out of sport,
building self-confidence, preparing training and performance diary, making
pre-competition plan, making psych plan, refocusing plan can be some tools for
sport psychology.
Perfectionism
Perfectionism is the combination of
thoughts and emotions by setting unrealistic and high level of objectives. It
can be harmful for people concerned. Perfectionism is accepted generally as a
success factor. However, perfectionism either destroys the self-confidence or
causes failures.
Perfectionist people set high level of
standards and goals. Perfectionism provides a continuous pressure and stress
which decrease the efficiency and performance. The failure is the unavoidable
result of perfectionism.
Types of
perfectionism
Flett and Hewitt defined three types of
perfectionism such as self-directed perfectionism, others- directed
perfectionism and social- directed perfectionism (Flett and Hewitt, 2002).
Self-directed perfectionism. These people
set impossible and unrealistic high level of objectives for themselves. These
people cannot accept mistakes. Furthermore, they constantly criticize
themselves.
Others-directed perfectionism. These
people set impossible and unrealistic high level of objectives for other
people. These people cannot accept mistakes of others and criticize people who
make mistakes. Furthermore, they don’t have good communication and relationship
with other people.
Social-directed perfectionism. These
people have a belief of other people set high level of objectives for them.
They believe that they have to reach high standards and goals in order to be
approved and be appreciated by their social environment. They have generally
anger, depression and fear of being judged.
Relationship between Perfectionism and
Sport Psychology
There are various studies in the
literature about perfectionism effects in sport psychology. McArdle and Moore presented a literature review on
adaptive and maladaptive effects of perfectionism on sport performance (McArdle and Moore, 2012).
Gotwals focused on perfectionism in sport
by using a person-oriented differentiation of adaptive and maladaptive
perfectionist athletes’ burnout levels. Author analyzed 117 sportsmen. Gotwals
classified sportsmen in four groups in terms of level of perfectionism;
parent-oriented maladaptive perfectionists, doubt-oriented maladaptive
perfectionists, adaptive perfectionists and non-perfectionists. Their results
showed that tiredness signals of adaptive perfectionists are lower than those
of doubt-oriented perfectionist and non-perfectionist. Moreover, they
demonstrated that emotional and physical tiredness of adaptive perfectionism is
lower than those of parent-oriented maladaptive perfectionist (Gotwals,
2011).
Dunn et al. focused on perfectionism in
sport. Authors evaluate the relation between perfectionism in terms of
perceived competence and perceived importance in sports. They observed 255 male
and female student athletes. Authors analyzed different levels of perfectionism
such as self-oriented, social-oriented and other-oriented perfectionism. Their
results show that specific domain levels of self-oriented and social-oriented
perfectionism is an important factor of sport psychology. They demonstrated
that specific domain perfectionism is influenced by perceived competence and
perceived importance (Dunn et al., 2012).
Gaudreau and Antl focused
on the relation between perfectionism and sport psychology (Gaudreau and Antl,
2008). Authors analyzed the effects of perfectionism on motivation, sport
managing, goal achievement and life satisfaction. They observed 186 athletes.
Their results showed that motivation by environment and self-motivation is
related to perfectionism and sport managing. Moreover, they demonstrated that
concerning evaluation and personal perfectionism affect sport motivation and
results.
Mallinson and Hill
evaluated the relation between perfectionism and psychological need of
sportsmen (Mallinson and Hill, 2011). They defined perfectionism in two levels;
self-oriented and social-oriented perfectionism. They defined perfectionism
effects as concerning about making mistakes, having doubts about actions,
pressure of parents and coaches. They observed 199 junior sportsmen to evaluate
perfectionism effects and psychological needs. Their results showed that
perfectionism level increased psychological needs of sportsmen. Authors also
demonstrated that perceived pressure of parents and coaches influence concern
about making mistakes.
Longbottom et al. focused
on the relationship between adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism and exercise
behavior. They observed 154 students. Their results showed that adaptive
perfectionism improve self-determination of exercise. Negative effects of
maladaptive perfectionism on exercise behavior were also presented (Longbottom
et al., 2012).
Hill et al. focused on
relationship between perfectionism and athlete burnout. They analyzed self-oriented
perfectionism and social-oriented perfectionism effects on athletes’ burnout.
Authors observed 206 junior athletes. Their results showed that social-oriented
perfectionism affects sport managing negatively and athlete burnout positively.
On the other hand self-oriented perfectionism affects sport managing
positively, athletes’ burnout negatively. Authors demonstrated different
effects of self-oriented and social-oriented perfectionism effects on sport
managing and athlete burnout (Hill et al., 2010).
This study was followed by
another study of Hill et al. (Hill et al., 2012). Authors evaluate the relation
between self-oriented perfectionism and social-oriented perfectionism and
athlete burnout. They observed 231 junior athletes. They evaluate adolescent
perfectionism, sport motivation and athlete burnout level. Their results show
the positive relation between self-oriented perfectionism and athlete burnout
level.
References
- Flett, G. L., & Hewitt, P. L. (2002). Perfectionism and maladjustment: An overview of theoretical, definitional, and treatment issues. American Psychological Association.
- McArdle, S., & Moore, P. (2012). Applying evidence-based principles from CBT to sport psychology. Sport Psychologist, 26(2), 299-310.Gotwals, J. K. (2011). Perfectionism and burnout within intercollegiate sport: a person-oriented approach. Sport Psychologist, 25(4), 489-510.
- Dunn, J. G., Dunn, J. C., & McDonald, K. (2012). Domain-specific perfectionism in intercollegiate athletes: Relationships with perceived competence and perceived importance in sport and school. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13(6), 747-755.
- Gaudreau, P., & Antl, S. (2008). Athletes' broad dimensions of dispositional perfectionism: Examining changes in life satisfaction and the mediating role of sport-related motivation and coping. Journal of sport & exercise psychology.
- Mallinson, S. H., & Hill, A. P. (2011). The relationship between multidimensional perfectionism and psychological need thwarting in junior sports participants. Psychology of sport and exercise, 12(6), 676-684.
- Longbottom, J. L., Grove, J. R., & Dimmock, J. A. (2012). Trait perfectionism, self-determination, and self-presentation processes in relation to exercise behavior. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13(2), 224-235.
- Hill, A. P., Hall, H. K., & Appleton, P. R. (2010). Perfectionism and athlete burnout in junior elite athletes: The mediating role of coping tendencies. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 23(4), 415-430.
- Hill, A. P., & Appleton, P. A. (2012). Perfectionism and athlete burnout in junior elite athletes: The mediating role of motivation regulations. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 6(2), 129-146.
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PERFECTINISM AND SPORT
PSYCHOLOGY
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Head: PERFECTINISM AND SPORT PSYCHOLOGY
PERFECTINISM
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